Current world population !

current world population census at 

 Current world population ! along with births,deaths !

leaked Windows 9 images

Start menu showed off in leaked Windows 9 images
By Tim Schiesser microsoft,


windows, start menu, threshold, windows 9


Windows 9, codenamed internally at Microsoft as 'Threshold', is still a while away from hitting even the release candidate stage, but that hasn't stopped some fresh images of the operating system leaking out.
Screenshots from MyCE show build 9795 of what's currently still labeled as Windows 8.1. The most interesting thing in the screenshot is an early version of the Start menu, which is expected to return in Windows 9. The new Start menu shows both Modern apps and desktop apps in a hybrid pane, building on the last iteration of the Start menu we saw in Windows 7.
Visually it's quite similar to the sneak peak we saw at Build in early April, and no doubt Microsoft will tweak and improve its design in the lead up to the release of Windows 9.




Also shown in the leaked screenshots is one of the 'Metro'-style apps running in a window on the desktop; another feature expected to be included in Windows 9. Alongside the return of the Start menu, this feature is designed to make the operating system more friendly for keyboard and mouse users.
According to the latest rumors, Microsoft will launch Threshold in early 2015 as both a standard x86 version, and a version that combines Windows RT and Windows Phone. Major improvements to the Xbox One's operating system are also set to launch at the same time.

Microsoft confirms Windows will merge into one operating system

Microsoft confirms Windows will merge into one operating system





Speaking in an earnings call today, Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella has confirmed that in the next version of Windows, the company will amalgamate the current three versions of Windows into the one operating system.
Nadella said that the one operating system will cover all screen sizes, ranging from desktops and laptops, to tablets and smartphones. While he didn't specify what this version of Windows is called, previous rumors have indicated it goes by the codename 'Threshold', effectively making it Windows 9.
It was also revealed that Microsoft has internally restructured the company since the departure of Steve Ballmer, with Nadella saying the company now has "one team with a common architecture".
While the next version of Windows will be a singular operating system, it'll still be sold in different versions, some with a subset of the features to suit the particular device. For example, it's expected that the Windows Phone and Windows RT versions of Threshold will not include the desktop, but will run universal Windows apps also available for desktop systems.
The latest rumors claim Windows 9 will launch in early 2015. One of the features that will make a comeback for desktop users is the Start menu, recently pictured in leaked screenshots. Nadella said there will be more announcements surrounding future versions of Windows in the coming months, but didn't go into detail.

Do you know there are 10 futuristic gadgets that will change your world !

The 10 futuristic gadgets that will change your world !

Could this one day become a reality? Smart gadgets are being built in labs that will chan
Could this one day become a reality? Smart gadgets are being built in labs that will change the way we live our lives. Source: Supplied

FROM talking forks and smart clothes — the future of technology as seen through the eyes MIT Media Lab scientist David Rose is about making the computer personal.
Decades after their invention, computers look roughly the same. Though smaller and more portable, we still click, type and stare at flat screens.
But not for long, Rose argues in his new book, “Enchanted Objects: Design, Human Desire, and the internet of Things” (Scribner), which supplies his own research to argue that people desire direct interaction with technology.

“Screens fall short because they don’t improve our relationship with computing,” he writes. “The devices are passive, without personality. The machine sits on idle waiting for your orders.”

Rose believes that we really want magical objects straight out of the Harry Potter universe: “flying carpets, talking mirrors, protective cloaks, animated brooms.”
But in the meantime, we’ll have to settle for talking garbage cans and weather-forecasting umbrellas — both of which (plus eight others listed here) are already at least in prototype phases, if not on already on the consumer market:

1. The umbrella that forecasts weather

There’s going to be rain, man.
There’s going to be rain, man. Source: Supplied
A piece of furniture that speaks to us — that’s the definition of Rose’s vision for the future with enchanted objects. The Ambient Umbrella communicates with its owner through a series of patterned blue lights that indicate if the forecast calls for rain.
Armed with your ZIP code, a wireless receiver at the handle of the umbrella connects to AccuWeather and then glows and pulses a gentle blue light if the weather looks frightful. This battery-powered umbrella is on the market — but it’s a lot more than the cheap $3 on every street corner. This one will run you $125.

2. The home that transforms at your command

From urban closet to multifunctional apartment at the wave of your hand.
From urban closet to multifunctional apartment at the wave of your hand. Source: Supplied
Two-hundred square feet seems impossibly small, even by New York standards — but a new MIT-designed micro-apartment called CityHome can transform a 15-by-15 space into an exercise space, lounge, study, kitchen, and sleeping area, hopes to change all that.
The apartment is controlled by wall-mounted devices that resemble a clock. Just pick a time of day and the room morphs into the space you want. For example: “Once out of bed, his room moves into exercise mode: The bed lifts away into the ceiling, the floor space clears, and a full-wall, live video projection of a yoga studio starts.
“When he wants to study, a desk descends from the ceiling, the lights brighten and the drapes close. If he has friends coming over, the space clears out for a chairs and a cocktail table. At night, the bed emerges.”
Though not currently on the market, CityHome is currently seeking funding and hopes to enter the market soon, according to its website.

3. The bin that orders groceries

It sounds creepy but this bin could save you that dreaded weekend supermarket trip
It sounds creepy but this bin could save you that dreaded weekend supermarket trip Source: Supplied
Another prototype developed by Rose and colleagues, this piece of “ambient furniture” makes for some magical garbage. The Amazon Trash can has a tiny camera and a bar code scanner that records everything you throw away — from household cleaning supplies to milk cartons — and sends the information to Amazon.com, where it is immediately reordered and shipped to you. No more grocery lists.
A second prototype that is being developed comments on your eating habits and grocery picks with choice statements like: “Third box of Oreos this week?” or “Microbrew, all right!” or “Blueberry juice, loaded with antioxidants.”

4. Know when someone is looking at your picture

Self esteem and egos can be boosted with this frame
Self esteem and egos can be boosted with this frame Source: Supplied
An example of “reciprocal presence,” the LumiTouch picture frame enables the feeling of closeness, even for those continents apart. Inspired by long-distance relationships, it comes with two linked frames. When one person is near the frame, the background light of the corresponding frame glows. When one user touches the frame, it lights up in the area where the other user touched it. The colour shifts in response to how hard and how long you grip the frame.
A similar product is the Like-a-Hug jacket, developed by MIT’s Melissa Chow. This puffy vest inflates every time someone “likes” us on Facebook — whether we post a picture of our babies, a status update about the food we’re currently eating or political rant.
This, the designer says, allows us “to feel the warmth, encouragement, support or love that we feel when we receive hugs.”
The Like-A-Hug jacket is not for sale — but Rose envisions other examples of this haptic, or touch-based, technology might one day be: a phone that gets heavier as your voicemail messages pile up, a shoe that nudges your feet to walk in a specific direction or a wallet that gets harder to open once you approach a spending limit.

5. A bike that pedals for you

You may be sneered at by other cyclists but you’ll be laughing when it comes to hills
You may be sneered at by other cyclists but you’ll be laughing when it comes to hills Source: Supplied
The Copenhagen Wheel, announced at the 2009 Copenhagen Conference on Climate Change and initially developed in an MIT lab as a research project, contains a motor that transforms a normal bike into a hybrid electric vehicle. The device consists of a motor and battery pack that snaps onto the back of the bike. As you pedal, the wheel captures excess energy when going downhill or braking and then helps propel you up steeper inclines or harder terrains.
The wheel can also connect to the internet, using it to record speed and distance travelled, finding friends throughout the city, inspecting air quality and even notifying yu if the bike starts to move when you’re not in the seat. In the mood to use up more calories? Using your smartphone, you can also vary the level of powered assist.
This reinvented wheel, listed for $799, is available for pre-order and will be out by end of this year.

6. The camera that records your entire life

What’s that? I can re-watch my commute? Yay!
What’s that? I can re-watch my commute? Yay! Source: Supplied
The slogan — “a new kind of photographic memory” — says it all. This pedometer-sized camera called the Narrative Clip attaches to a jacket or shirt or from a necklace and records high-resolution geo-tagged images every 30 seconds without prompting. You can now track every moment of your day.
“Imagine what you’ll learn, what you’ll remember,” Rose writes. “Who was that guy I met at the airport in Singapore? What was that delicious dish we shared sometime around September of 2013? If you record long enough, you will end up with a visual record of (the rest of) your life.”
But constant self-monitoring comes at a cost. The Narrative Clip comes with a subscription service — and at $279 per year, you better be making some worthwhile memories.

7. The onesie that monitors your baby

Paranoid parents need no longer check the crib every 30 seconds
Paranoid parents need no longer check the crib every 30 seconds Source: Supplied
Hi-tech helicopter parent — this one’s for you.
The Mimo Baby-Shirt measures infant respiration, skin temperature, body position, sleep patterns and activity levels. The organic (of course) cotton onesie is fitted with machine-washable sensors that can be monitored in real-time through your home’s Wi-Fi network. It also includes a microphone, so that you can stream your baby’s sound to your smartphone and the accompanying app allows you to crunch analytics about your baby’s sleep patterns.
Originally marketed to medical device development companies, they had a direct-to-consumer eureka moment when parents began contacting them to use their sensors, and, according to their website, they “haven’t looked back since.”
For $299 — a package that includes three onesies that come in only one size for up infants up to three months — you can pick one of these at your local Babies “R” Us.

8. A coffee table that eavesdrops

This coffee table is no mug
This coffee table is no mug Source: Supplied
Imagine sitting with a friend over coffee and telling her about your recent trip to Italy. Voila! Pictures of the trip suddenly emerge under your mugs. When you mention the delicious gelato you tasted near the Pantheon, the corresponding picture flashes on the table as you speak.
Billed as an “instant photo album,” the Facebook Coffee Table uses real-time speech analysis to pick up keywords from your conversation to pull up relevant Facebook feed photos.
Rose is currently finetuning the design for a major hotel chain to function as a self-service concierge. The hotel table will feature nearby events, restaurant suggestions and displays about traffic and weather.

9. The house that tracks your kids

Google knows where you are.
Google knows where you are. Source: Supplied
The “telepathic” Google Latitude Doorbell, another product developed by Rose and colleagues, lets you know where your family members are and when they are approaching home. The data about each family member’s whereabouts come from Google Latitude — transmitted from a smart device — but is communicated only as ambient doorbell chimes, a unique one for each person.
This has a pretty adorable origin story. Rose came up with the idea by merging the sound effects in “Peter and the Wolf” (a song for each character) and the Harry Potter series’ Weasley family clock, a magical device that keeps tabs on each child.

10. The fork that helps you lose weight

Cutlery that tells you when to stop eating? Fork that.
Cutlery that tells you when to stop eating? Fork that. Source: Supplied
Introduced at the Consumer Electronics Show in 2013, Hapifork made the jump from MIT research project to consumer household item in an impressively short amount of time. Perhaps it’s because we all want to lose weight — but we want someone or something else to do the hard work for you.
The $100, chunky fork, which comes in five colours, alerts you with a gentle vibration when you are eating too quickly. It also measures, using the tines of the fork, how long it took to eat your meal, the amount of “fork servings” taken per minute, and the time between servings. All this information is uploaded — more self-monitoring data — for your own enjoyment or horror, depending on how you eat.
Rose says this is an impressive start, but in within the next five years, he anticipates something more draconian: “Imagine an actual tooth replacement that responds to chewing action and is able to sense texture, temperature and chemical content of food and drink,” Rose writes. “In dire circumstances, it magnetically clamps onto the tooth above so you cannot continue to eat.”

April 2014 Smartphone Report: Apple & Android Continue To Lead

April 2014 Smartphone Report: Apple & Android Continue To Lead

According to comScore’s recent smartphone market share numbers, Apple was the top manufacturer in April, while Android kept its lead as the top smartphone platform.

Facebook was the No. 1 smartphone app, followed by three Google apps: Google Play, YouTube and Google Search.

With 41.4 percent of the market share, Apple kept its lead as the top manufacturer even though its market share had a slight drop (.2%). Samsung ranked No. 2 with 27.7 percent market share, followed by LG, Motorola and HTC.

Representing 52.5 percent of the market share, Android was the top smartphone platform in April. Apple was No. 2 with 41.4 percent, followed by Blackberry, Microsoft and Symbian.

For top smartphone apps, Facebook took the lead:

Facebook ranked as the top smartphone app, reaching 74.1 percent of the app audience, followed by Google Play, YouTube and Google Search.

ComScore said there are 167.9 million smartphone owners in the US, a number it claims has climbed 5 percent since its January report.

Cracks emerge in the cloud: Security weakness of cloud storage services:

 As individual computer users increasingly access the Internet from different smartphones, tablets and laptops, many are choosing to use online cloud services to store and synchronize their digital content. Cloud storage allows consumers to retrieve their data from any location using any device and can provide critical backups in the case of hard disk failure. But while people are usually vigilant about enacting security measures on personal computers, they often neglect to consider how safe their files are in the cloud.

Now, findings from a team led by Jianying Zhou of the A*STAR Institute for Infocomm Research in Singapore promise to improve the security of popular online services and better protect users by revealing hidden flaws associated with an important cloud storage feature -- the ability to share files with friends, co-workers or the public1.

Sharing content is an attractive way to let far-flung colleagues view and collaborate on projects without using email attachments, which often have strict file size limitations. Data sharing can be: public, with no access controls; private, in which the cloud service provider authenticates sharing through login controls; or 'secret' uniform resource locator (URL) sharing where people without an account on the cloud service can access data by following a specific web link.

The A*STAR-led researchers analyzed the security of three well-known cloud service providers -- Dropbox, Google Drive and Microsoft SkyDrive -- and found that all three had vulnerabilities many users might encounter. They uncovered several risks related to the sharing of secret URLs. Because URLs are saved in various network-based servers, browser histories and Internet bookmarks, frequent opportunities exist for third parties to access private data. Furthermore, the URL recipient may send the link to others without the data owner's consent.

Another danger lies in the practice of URL shortening -- reducing long web addresses to brief alphanumeric sequences for easier sharing on mobile devices. Although the original URL may point to a privately shared file, shortening changes this address into plain text unprotected by encryption. Zhou also notes that because short URLs have very limited lengths, they are susceptible to brute-force attacks that can dig out supposedly secret files.

Zhou explains that the root cause of cloud security problems lies in the need to balance usability with privacy protection. "Users should be careful when they share files in the cloud because no system is perfectly secure. The cloud industry, meanwhile, needs to constantly raise the bar against new attacks while keeping the service as functional as possible."

Amazon launches its first smart phone:

Who's using your data? New technology to track how your private data is used online

As more of our data moves online, a more pressing concern may be its inadvertent misuse by people authorized to access it. Every month seems to bring another story of private information accidentally leaked by governmental agencies or vendors of digital products or services.

At the same time, tighter restrictions on access could undermine the whole point of sharing data. Coordination across agencies and providers could be the key to quality medical care; you may want your family to be able to share the pictures you post on a social-networking site.

Researchers in the Decentralized Information Group (DIG) at MIT's  computer science  and  artificial  intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL) believe the solution may be transparency rather than obscurity. To that end, they're developing a protocol they call "HTTP with Accountability," or HTTPA, which will automatically monitor the transmission of private data and allow the data owner to examine how it's being used.

At the IEEE's Conference on Privacy, Security and Trust in July, Oshani Seneviratne, an MIT graduate student in electrical engineering and computer science, and Lalana Kagal, a principal research scientist at CSAIL, will present a paper that gives an overview of HTTPA and presents a sample application, involving a health-care records system that Seneviratne implemented on the experimental network PlanetLab.

DIG is directed by Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the Web and the 3Com Founders Professor of Engineering at MIT, and it shares office space with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the organization, also led by Berners-Lee, that oversees the development of Web protocols like HTTP, XML, and CSS. DIG's role is to develop new technologies that exploit those protocols.

With HTTPA, each item of private data would be assigned its own uniform resource identifier (URI), a key component of the Semantic Web, a new set of technologies, championed by W3C, that would convert the Web from, essentially, a collection of searchable text files into a giant database.

Remote access to a Web server would be controlled much the way it is now, through passwords and   encryption But every time the server transmitted a piece of sensitive data, it would also send a description of the restrictions on the data's use. And it would log the transaction, using only the URI, somewhere in a network of encrypted, special-purpose servers.

HTTPA would be voluntary: It would be up to software developers to adhere to its specifications when designing their systems. But HTTPA compliance could become a selling point for companies offering services that handle private data.

"It's not that difficult to transform an existing website into an HTTPA-aware website," Seneviratne says. "On every HTTP request, the server should say, 'OK, here are the usage restrictions for this resource,' and log the transaction in the network of special-purpose servers."

An HTTPA-compliant program also incurs certain responsibilities if it reuses data supplied by another HTTPA-compliant source. Suppose, for instance, that a consulting specialist in a network of physicians wishes to access data created by a patient's primary-care physician, and suppose that she wishes to augment the data with her own notes. Her system would then create its own record, with its own URI. But using standard Semantic Web techniques, it would mark that record as "derived" from the PCP's record and label it with the same usage restrictions.

The network of servers is where the heavy lifting happens. When the data owner requests an audit, the servers work through the chain of derivations, identifying all the people who have accessed the data, and what they've done with it.

Seneviratne uses a technology known as distributed hash tables -- the technology at the heart of peer-to-peer networks like BitTorrent -- to distribute the transaction logs among the servers. Redundant storage of the same data on multiple servers serves two purposes: First, it ensures that if some servers go down, data will remain accessible. And second, it provides a way to determine whether anyone has tried to tamper with the transaction logs for a particular data item -- such as to delete the record of an illicit use. A server whose logs differ from those of its peers would be easy to ferret out.

To test the system, Seneviratne built a rudimentary health-care records system from scratch and filled it with data supplied by 25 volunteers. She then simulated a set of transactions -- pharmacy visits, referrals to specialists, use of anonymized data for research purposes, and the like -- that the volunteers reported as having occurred over the course of a year.

Seneviratne used 300 servers on PlanetLab to store the transaction logs; in experiments, the system efficiently tracked down data stored across the network and handled the chains of inference necessary to audit the propagation of data across multiple providers. In practice, audit servers could be maintained by a grassroots network, much like the servers that host BitTorrent files or log Bitcoin transactions

Grand Theft Auto V PS4 and PS3 Comparison Video Shows Staggering Difference

 Micromax has launched two Windows Phone 8.1 smartphones - Canvas Win W121 and Canvas Win W092 at Rs 9,500 and Rs 6,500, respectively. The phones will be available starting July. 

The two phones are powered by 1.2GHz Qualcomm Snapdragon 200 quad core processor with 1GB RAM. Both feature dual sim capability.

Micromax Canvas W121 sports a 5-inch 720p display, an 8MP rear camera with flash and a 2MP front-facing camera and has 8GB internal storage expandable to 32GB via microSD card. It has a 2000mAh battery. The Canvas Win W121 is equipped with proximity, gravity, and light sensors, an accelerometer, Dual-SIM capability, and comes with a leather finish back panel. 

Micromax Canvas W092 sports a 4-inch WVGA IPS display, a 5MP rear camera with flash and a 0.3MP front-facing camera and has 8GB internal storage expandable to 32GB via microSD card. It comes with a 1,500mAh battery

Released in 2001, Windows XP has been around for a long 13 years. However, in today’s era of high-speed computing, XP might not be able to keep up with you and your fast growing business. Here are some areas where Windows 8 can help you that XP cannot.

Mobility

With the rise of the mobile workforce, tablets, phones and notebooks are now increasingly popular. Today, users collaborate, access corporate data and contribute to the bottom line across these smart devices. Windows 8 offers workers the ability to work across multiple devices with ease. The OS also helps users choose the best tool for the task at hand. Crucially for the business leadership, Windows 8 is a trusted platform that is both secure and easy to manage.

Enhanced Security and Compliance

The malware landscape today is highly sophisticated, and with support for XP ending in April this year, the advanced security capabilities of Windows 8 is extremely vital in protecting SMBs.

Windows 8 features Secured Boot and Windows Defender that can prevent even carefully-hidden malware from compromising your systems. Protection is further enhanced with Internet Explorer SmartScreen and Application Reputation Web services, which help prevent downloads of unknown or malicious software.

Reduce downtime caused by security issues and increase your productivity when you migrate to Windows 8.

Lower Total Cost of Ownership

Avoid paying extra on third-party security applications when Bitlocker, a security app available in Windows 8, can do the same where it protects sensitive data stored on hard drives. What’s more, Windows 8 allows users to track data usage and automatically switch from broadband to Wi-Fi to help businesses closely manage their broadband spend. Every dollar counts and migrating to Windows 8 enables long-term costs savings. You can then maximise your spend on other business-critical areas.

Better and easier IT management

IT management is an area considered a time sink. With Windows 8, the sophisticated management tools can relieve IT staffs from these routine, time-consuming tasks and free them for more strategic activities.

Windows 8’s System Center Configuration Manager 2012 SP1 and Windows Intune unify management and security for PCs and mobile devices in a single infrastructure. A single admin console helps unify device manage¬ment across and wide variety of device types — PCs, tablets and smartphones — without sacrificing either manageability or security.

Greater Productivity

Windows 8’s advanced productivity-driven features, for instance, the ability to collaborate on documents seamlessly, and its easy-to-use user interface gives businesses unparalleled productivity gains compared to XP.

hi friends !

Windows 8.1 Update 1 is now available to download.
 If you’re already using Windows 8.1, the easiest way to download the update is to visit PC Settings (the new Control Panel, available from the right-hand menu bar) and click “Update and recovery.”
 There is also the option to download the Windows 8.1 Update 1 as standalone files, if you want to archive them or perform an offline/enterprise installation.


If you haven’t already installed Update 1, you really should do it as soon as possible — Microsoft has said that users won’t get any security updates if they stick with Windows 8.1, and sure enough, this past Patch Tuesday, there were no updates.
To continue receiving updates, you need to install Windows 8.1 Update 1.

How do you do that, for free? Just follow these simple instructions.

How to download and install Windows 8.1 Update 1

Installing Windows 8.1 Update 1

As we previously mentioned, the quickest way to get Update 1 is to use the PC Settings control panel.
 If you do that, skip ahead to the section at the end of the story with tips on how to make the most of Update

1.If you want to download the standalone files, though, read on.
As always, we have to preface this with the usual disclaimer:
 Downloading Windows updates using unconventional methods is risky.
 At the very least, you should ensure that the SHA hash of the downloaded file matches by using the Microsoft File Checksum Integrity Verifier (a free tool).
If you have any important documents on your computer, you should back them up, too (this should be an unnecessary precaution, though;
 Update 1 is just a bunch of patches, rather than a complete reinstallation).

Use the following links to download the right version of Windows 8.1 Update 1 for your computer’s architecture (probably 64-bit, unless you have an older computer or a tablet).
Alternatively, if you don’t like direct downloads, you can always hit up the Windows Update website and follow the instructions there.

Once you’ve downloaded Update 1, you will have six separate patches that need to be installed in a very specific order. Your computer will need to reboot a few times during the process.

KB2919442
KB2919355
KB2932046
KB2937592
KB2938439
KB2934018

Life after installing Windows 8.1 Update 1

And that should be it!
If you’re a mouse-and-keyboard user, you will find that Windows 8.1 Update 1 makes the Metro interface a lot more palatable.
Whether this will move you to actually use the new Start screen, I’m not so sure.
 Unless there’s a Metro-style app that you really want to use, you will probably still find yourself on the Desktop, using a third-party app to bring back the Windows 7-style Start menu.
Still, on the rare occasion that you find yourself thrust into the new Metro interface, Update 1 makes the whole experience feel a little less you’re being brutally plucked out of one operating system and unceremoniously dumped in another. So that’s good.

On the Desktop side of things, Update 1 doesn’t do a whole lot.
I’m sure there will be some small, useful tweaks, but the main changes appear to be better support for high-PPI displays, and audio/video files will now be opened in Photo Viewer and Media Player respectively, rather than bouncing you into Metro.
 For the 23 people using Windows 8.1 on a tablet, Update 1 adds a Search button to the Start screen, and some of the stock Metro apps have been updated/improved.
Thrilling stuff. Microsoft’s hunt for Windows 8 market share continues.

for more similar posts,keep visiting techinfosearch.blogspot.com ! 

HI friends ..

Now let us try to learn How does a lithium-ion battery work, and why are they so popular?


New research from MIT has been making the rounds this week, and while its core insight might seem weak, that very fact highlights just how quickly technology really does move these days. While lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are all over the world, the truth is we still don’t really know how they work. In particular, as scientists try out more and better new materials for electrodes, each one brings slight variations in function and performance. One of the most promising electrode materials is lithium-iron phosphate, and now researchers have a much better understanding of exactly how it charges and discharges — which should hopefully guide the way to improving those processes.


How does a lithium-ion battery work?

First, we need to look at how a lithium-ion battery works in general.
 Like any other battery, its basic design sees an electrolyte (the “transport medium”) ferrying lithium ions back and forth between the negative electrode and the positive electrode.
 In a totally discharged batteries, our mobile lithium ions will be entirely connected to the positive electrode – their chemical properties keep them bound to the positive electrode material while they lack electrons.
If we give them electrons by pumping electricity into the system (recharging), they will naturally dissociate from the positive electrode and migrate back to the negative electrode.
Once they’re all lined up on the other side, loaded with nice high-energy electrons, we call the battery “charged.”

This stable state breaks down when we provide an avenue for the electrons now trapped at the negative electrode to travel down their charge gradient to the positive side of the battery — this takes away electrons from lithium in the negative electrode and makes them again Li+, causing them to naturally migrate all the way back.
 We can use that negative-to-positive electron flow to power everything from pacemakers to electric cars, and it all ultimately comes down to the back-and-forth movements of ions. Incidentally, it’s only recently that scientists have discovered exactly why too many back-and-forth reactions cause a battery to slowly die.


Why lithium-ion batteries are popular

The main reason you’ve heard the term “lithium-ion battery” before is energy density;
 a LIB setup can pack a lot of power into a very small space.
 More than that, “Li-on” batteries offer decent charge times and a high number of discharge cycles before they die.
 If you use a pure lithium metal at the electrodes, you’ll get much higher energy storage, but no ability to recharge — depending on your choices for electrodes, you can powerfully affect your battery’s performance.
 Among other things, energy density is related to the number of lithium ions (and thus electrons) the electrodes can hold per unit of surface area.

This MIT study [doi: 10.1021/nl501415b - "In Situ Observation of Random Solid Solution Zone in LiFePO4 Electrode] specifically looked at a cathode material lithium-iron phosphate.
 These lithium-iron phosphate batteries show promise for everything from electric cars (likely) to storage of grid power (less likely), but when it was originally introduced, LiFePO4 showed little promise for battery tech. In its pure form, lithium-iron phosphate shows poor electrical abilities — but crush it up into nanoparticles and coat it with carbon and it seems the story changes quite a bit. The incredible jump in ability when turned into nanoparticles is described as a major surprise for battery researchers, and a major win for nanoscience.

The main reason for excitement over the new nano-cathode, beyond its impressive-but-not-amazing storage and discharge abilities, is that it discharges at a totally uniform voltage.
This means batteries needn’t incorporate devices to regulate that voltage, which could make them cheaper and smaller, and it also allows them to discharge at full voltage until totally empty.
 It does this, we now know, by creating a zone called a Solid Solution Zone (SSZ), a buffer area of low lithium density that seems to soften the harsh boundary between charged (LiFePO4) and discharged (FePO4) portions of the electrode during use.
This seems to be behind the material’s amazing abilities, and pumping up this SSZ through design could extend make lithium-ion tech last even longer.

Technology does seem to be coming for this aging battery standard, however, and it will need some major upgrades to stay with the times.
 It’s getting them, with huge design upgrades that hold a lot of promise. Still, everything from improved capacitors to super-batteries based on cotton could supplant lithium as the king of energy storage — we may find that improvements in our understanding of conventional batteries are simply too little too late.
for more similar posts visit techinfosearch.blogspot.com !

NASA selects five universities for X-Hab deep space challenge !


NASA and the National Space Grant Foundation have selected five universities to design systems, concepts and technologies to enhance capabilities for deep space missions.
They are part of the 2015 Exploration Habitat (X-Hab) Academic Innovation Challenge.
The idea is to encourage studies in spaceflight-related disciplines, and also to help the agency gather new ideas to complement its current R&D.
Throughout the 2014-2015 academic year, says NASA, the teams must meet “a series of milestones to design, manufacture, assemble and test their systems and concepts” in close cooperation with members of the NASA Exploration Augmentation Module (EAM) concept team.
“This is the fifth year of the X-Hab Academic Innovation Challenge, and we continue to be impressed by the innovative university proposals to advance capabilities for spaceflight,” said Tracy Gill, NASA lead for the X-Hab Challenge. “We look forward to lending our experience to the teams, to learning from their fresh approaches and to guiding the efforts through the systems engineering process.”
The X-Hab Academic Innovation Challenge 2015 teams and projects are:
University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee: Design of a Carbon-fiber/Fused Deposition Modeling Spacecraft Structural Fabrication System
University of South Alabama: Development of a Volumetric Adsorption System for CO2 and H2O Multicomponent Isotherm Measurements
University of Vermont: Design of a “Smart-Structure” Deployable Airlock
Oklahoma State University: Deployable Greenhouse for food production on long-duration exploration missions
University of Colorado at Boulder: Deployable Greenhouse for Food Production
NASA says the challenge is also part of its efforts to train and develop a highly skilled scientific, engineering and technical workforce for the future.
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KNOW THE  MANUFACTURING DATE OF YOUR COMPUTER...
Open Run and Type:
debug
and next in Command
Prompt Type:
DF000:FFF5
hit enter now see the
date..! enjoy..... :) :)

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 We have already seen the upcoming   iphone in a spate of leaked images, and now Sonny Dickson, the Australian teen who has built an online following by leaking pictures of upcoming Apple products, has tweeted two new pictures showing the front and back of what is claimed to be the next-gen iPhone, unofficially dubbed iPhone 6.

The recently leaked photos show the alleged  iphone 6 in two sizes. Speculations are already rife that Apple will launch the next-gen iPhone in two sizes - one with a 4.7-inch

screen and the other with a 5.5-inch display.

If we believe a German phone firm Deutsche Telekom, your date with Apple's iPhone 6 is on Sep 19 this year. "The date is consistent with Apple's recent launches, making it likely an educated guess

The way GOOGLE works .

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